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Jean Vrolicq
Jean Vrolicq (also called ''Jacques'', ''Johannes'', ''Joanis'', or ''Joan Vrolicq/Vrolyck'') was a mariner from St-Jean-de-Luz in the first half of the 17th century. He served in the Danish, Dutch, and French whaling industries from 1619 to 1636, and later became a privateer.〔Henrat (1984), p. 545.〕
==Voyages, 1619-37==
In 1619 he was among Basque whalemen recruited for a Danish whaling expedition to Spitsbergen. In the following years he continued to participate in the Danish whaling industry in one form or another. In 1624 Vrolicq served as a harpooner for the Dutch ''Noordsche Compagnie'', and the following year he represented two Basque whaling merchants who sent ships to Spitsbergen for a Copenhagen company. In July 1629 Cardinal Richelieu gave Vrolicq a charter for whaling north of 60°. In 1631 Vrolicq was master of the ship ''Valk'' (140 tons), in which he sailed to Spitsbergen in partnership with the Hamburg merchant Johan Braem, who also sent a ship to the island. The Dutch tried to expel them from their anchorage in ''Københavns Bay'' (Kobbefjorden), but failed. The following year, 1632, he parted ways with Braem and sailed under the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu and the King of France. A company was formed in Le Havre and Vrolicq was put in command of three vessels, the ''St.-François'' (200 tons), under Pierre Harel, the ''Grâce'' (130 tons), under Martingo de Lagairalde, and the ''Notre Dame des Anges'' (100 tons), under Jacques Godeffroy. When Vrolicq reached the northwest coast of Spitsbergen early in July he was promptly expelled by the admiral of the Dutch whaling fleet, Jacob Jansz Duynkercker.〔Dalgård (1962), p. 170.〕 He fled to Iceland, where he obtained a paltry two whales, both found dead.〔Du Pasquier (2000), p. 322.〕
In 1633 Vrolicq sailed to Spitsbergen (or ''Terre-Verte'', as the French called it) with a fleet of four vessels. Besides Lagairalde and Harel, who again commanded the ''Grâce'' and ''St. François'', respectively, the fleet included the ''St. Jacques'' (200 tons), under Jean Herault, and the ''Espérance'' (250 tons), under Paul Languillet. Barred from Mauritius Bay (modern Smeerenburgfjorden) and Københavns Bay (''Port-Saint-Pierre'' to the French) by the Dutch admiral Cornelis Ys, Vrolicq was forced to the south, where he found a tiny bay he named ''Refuge François'' or ''Port Louis'' (modern Hamburgbukta, lying just south of Magdalenefjorden).〔Du Pasquier (2000), p. 323; Dalgård (1962), pp. 183-84.〕 He returned to Port Louis in 1634, this time with a total of six vessels: Vrolicq in the ''Hardy'', Harel and Languillet again in the ''St. François'' and ''Espérance'', as well as Abraham Oulson in the ''Lion Rouge'' (250 tons), one Martin in the barque ''La Marie'', and an unnamed sixth vessel. In June, only a few days after their arrival in Port Louis, two English men-of-war, under William Goodlad, tried to expel Vrolicq and his ships, but failed. They left Spitsbergen in September, with a total catch of eighteen bowhead whales.〔Du Pasquier (2000), pp. 75-77, 323.〕
In 1635 Vrolicq once more resorted to Port Louis, this time with a fleet of four vessels: the ''St. Jacques'', under Vrolicq himself, the ''St. François'', under Harel, the ''Lion Rouge'', under Oulson, and an unnamed fourth vessel. The ''St. François'' was armed with 14 pieces of ordnance and the ''Lion Rouge'' with 10; both were to land four pieces at the mouth of Port Louis to prevent attack from Dutch and English vessels. The following year, 1636, Vrolicq left with five vessels. Vrolicq again sailed in the ''St. Jacques'', Harel in the ''St. François'', Oulson in the ''Lion Rouge'', Baptiste Girard in the ''Avenir'' (120 tons), and an unnamed fifth vessel.〔Du Pasquier (2000), pp. 78-80, 323.〕 Following a Spanish raid which resulted in the sacking of St-Jean-de-Luz, Ciboure, and Socoa and the capture of fourteen French Basque whaleships in 1636, Vrolicq devoted himself to privateering.
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